Titanium Atomic Number

1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d²4s²

Titanium was discovered combined in a mineral in Cornwall, England in 1791 by amateurgeologist William Gregor, the then vicar of Creed village. He recognized thepresence of a new element in ilmenite when he found a black sand by a stream in the nearbyparish of Manaccan and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet. Analysis of thesand determined the presence of two metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the attraction tothe magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify. Gregor,realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match the propertiesof any known element, reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Creel's Annalen.

Titanium is an element with atomic symbol Ti, atomic number 22, and atomic weight 47.867. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) Titanium sponge granules appears as a white-colored solid. Titanium is a chemical element which is placed in the 4 th group and 4 th period in the periodic table. Symbol of the titanium element is Ti. It is a transition metal element with the atomic number 22. Titanium is the 2 nd element of the first series of transition metals. Titanium is an element with atomic symbol Ti, atomic number 22, and atomic weight 47.867. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) Titanium sponge granules appears as a white-colored solid.

Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greekmythology.

Around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller also produced a similar substance, but couldnot identify it. The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by German chemistMartin Heinrich Klaproth in Rutile from Hungary. Klaproth found that it contained anew element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology. After hearing aboutGregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed itcontained titanium.

The processes required to extract titanium from its various ores are laborious andcostly; it is not possible to reduce in the normal manner, by heating in the presence ofcarbon, because that produces titanium carbide. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) wasfirst prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter by heating TiCl₄ with sodium in asteel bomb at 700 – 800°C in the Hunter process. Titanium metal was not usedoutside the laboratory until 1946 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could becommercially produced by reducing titanium tetracchloride with magnesium in what came tobe known as the Kroll process. Although research continues into more efficient andcheaper processes (FFC Cambridge, e.g.), the Kroll process is still used for commercialproduction.

Titanium of ultra high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkeland Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide, or crystal bar, process in 1925, byreacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal.

In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military andsubmarine applications (Alfa Class and Mike Class) as part of programs related to the ColdWar. In the USA, the DOD realized the strategic importance of the metal andsupported early efforts of commercialization. Throughout the period of the Cold War,titanium was considered a Strategic Material by the U.S. government, and a large stockpileof titanium sponge was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile Center, which wasfinally depleted in 2005. Today, the world's largest producer, Russian-basedVSMPO-Avisma, is estimated to account for about 29% of the world market share.

In 2006, the U.S. Defense Agency awarded $5.7 million to a two-company consortiumto develop a new process for making titanium metal power. Under heat and pressure,the powder can be used to create strong, lightweight items ranging from armor plating tocomponents for the aerospace, transportation and chemical processing industries.

A metallic element, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a light, strong metal with low density that, when pure, is quite ductile(especially in an oxygen-free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point (over 1,649°C or 3,000°F) makes it useful as arefractory metal.

Commercial (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strengths of about63,000 psi, equal to that of steels alloys, but are 45% lighter. Titanium is 60%heavier than aluminum but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6aluminum alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths ofover 200,000 psi (1.4 GPa). However, titanium loses strength when heated above430°C (800°F)

It is fairly hard (although by no means as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel)and can be tricky to machine due to the fact that it will gall if sharp tools and propercooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have afatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications.

The metal is a dimorphic allotrope with the hexagonal alpha form changing into thebody-centered cubic (lattice) beta form at 882°C (1,619°F). The heat capacity ofthe alpha form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature butthen falls and remains fairly constant for the beta form regardless of temperature.

The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion;it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by acids, moistchlorine gas, and by common salt solutions. Pure titanium is not soluble in waterbut is soluble in concentrated acids.

This metal forms a passive and protective oxide coating (leading to increasedcorrosion-resistance) when exposed to elevated temperatures in air, but at roomtemperatures it resists tarnishing. When it first forms, this protective layer isonly 1 to 2 nanometers thick but continues to slowly grow; reaching a thickness of 25nanometers in four years.

Titanium burns when heated in air 610°C (1,130°F) or higher, forming titaniumdioxide. It is also one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas (itburns at 800°C or 1,472°F and forms titanium nitrade, which causes embrittlement). Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, along with chlorinegas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids. It is paramagnetic (weaklyattracted to magnets) and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity.

Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes radioactive after it is bombardedwith deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays. When it is red hotthe metal combines with oxygen, and when it reaches 550°C (1,022°F) it combines withchlorine. It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen.

Titanim is always bonded to other elements in nature. It is the ninth-mostabundant element in the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass) and the ourth-most abundant metal. It is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments derived from them (as well asin living things and natral bodies of water. In fact, of the 801 types of igneousrocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey, 784 contian titnium. Itsproportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%.

It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the minerals anatase, brookite,ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, titanite (sphene), as well in many iron ores. Of theseminerals, only rutile and ilmenite have any economic importance, yet even they aredifficult to find in high concentrations. Significant titanium-bearing ilmenitedeposits exist in western Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, and Ukraine. Largequantities of rutile are also mined in North America and South Africa and help contributeto the annual production of 90,000 tons of the metal and 4.3 million tons of titaniumdioxide. Total known reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 milliontons.

Titanium is contained in meterorites and has been detected in the sun and in M-typestars; the coolest type of star with a surface temperature of 3,200°C (5,792°F). Rocks brought back from the moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO₂. It is also found in coal, ash, plants, and even the human body.

The processing of titanium metal occurs in 4 major steps: reduction of titanium oreinto 'sponge', a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloyto form an ingot; primary fabrication, whereby an ingot is converted into general millproducts such as billet, bar, plate, sheet, strip and tube; and secondary fabrication offinished shapes from mill products.

Because the metal reacts with air at high temperatures it cannot be produced byreduction of its dioxide. Titanium metal is therefore produced commercially by theKroll process, a complex and expensive batch process. (The relatively high marketvalue of titanium is mainly due to its processing, which sacrifices another expensivemetal, magnesium. In the Kroll process, the oxide is first converted to chloridethrough carbochlorination, whereby chlorine gas is passed over red-hot rutile or ilmenitein the presence of carbon to make TiCl₄. This is condensed and purifiedby fractional distillation and then reduced with 800°C molten magnesium in an argonatmosphere.

A more recently developed method, the FFC Cambridge process, may eventually replace theKroll process. This method uses titanium dioxide powder (which is a refined form ofrutile) as feedstock to make the end product which is either a powder or sponge. Ifmixed oxide powders are used, the product is an alloy manufactured at a much lower costthan the conventional multi-step melting process. The FFC Cambridge Process mayrender titanium a less rare and expensive material for the aerospace industry and theluxury goods market, and could be seen in many products currently manufactured usingaluminum and specialist grades of steel.

Common titanium alloys are made by reduction. For example; cuprotitanium (rutilewith copper added is reduced), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with coke in anelectric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) arereduced.

2TiFeO₃ + 7Cl₂ + 6C (900°C) 2TiCl₄ + 2FeCl₃ + 6CO

TiCl₄ + 2Mg (1100°C) 2MgCl₂ + Ti

About 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys are designated and currently used,although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially. The ASTMInternational recognizes 31 Grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which Grades 1 through4 are commercially pure (unalloyed). These four are distinguished by their varyingdegrees of tensile strength, as a function of oxygen content, with Grade 1 being the mostductile (lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and Grade 4 the least(highest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40%). The remaining grades arealloys, each designed for specific purposes, be it ductility, strength, hardness,electrical resistivity, creep resistance, resistance to corrosion from specific media, ora combination thereof.

The grades covered by ASTM and other alloys are also produced to meet Aerospace andMilitary specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T)], ISO standards, and country-specificspecifications, as well as proprietary end-user specifications for aerospace, military,medical and industrial applications.

In terms of fabrication, all welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere ofargon or helium in order to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases such asoxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. Contamination will cause a variety of conditions, suchas embrittlement, which will reduce the integrity of the assembly welds and lead to jointfailure. Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, butprocessing must take into account the fact that the metal has a 'memory' and tends tospring back. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys. Themetal can be machined using the same equipment and via the same processes as stainlesssteel.

Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain sizeand as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content. Titanium isoften alloyed with aluminum (to refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron,manganese, molybdenum, and with other metals. Applications for titanium millproducts (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) can be found in industrial,aerospace, recreational and emerging markets.

About 95% of titanium ore extracted from the Earth is destined for refinement intotitanium dioxide (TiO₂), an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints,paper, toothpaste, and plastics. It is also used in cement, in gemstones, as anoptical opacifier in paper, and a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing rodsand golf clubs.

TiO₂ powder is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is veryopaque: this allows it to impart a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or graychemicals that form the majority of household plastics. In nature, this compound isfound in the minerals anatase, brookite, and rutile. Paint made with titaniumdioxide does well in severe temperatures, is somewhat self-cleaning, and stands up tomarine environments. Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction andan optical dispersion higher than diamond.

Recently, it has been put to use in air purifiers (as a filter coating), or in filmused to coat windows on buildings which when exposed to UV light (either solar orman-made) and moisture in the air produces reactive redox species like hydroxyl radicalsthat can purify the air or keep window surfaces clean.

Because of its high tensil strength (even at high temperatures), light weight,extraordinary corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures,titanium alloys are used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. For these applications, titanium alloyed with aluminum, vanadium, and otherelements is used for a variety of components including critical structural parts, firewalls, landing gear, exhaust ducts (helicopters) and hydraulic systems. In fact, about twothirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames. Anestimated 58 tons are used in the boeing 777, 43 in the 747, 18 in the 737, 24 in theAirbus A340, 17 in the A330 and 12 in the A320. The A380 may use 77 tons, includingabout 11 tons in the engines. In engine applications, titanium is used for rotors,turbine blades, hydraulic system components and nacelles. The titanium 6AL-4V alloyaccounts for almost 50% of all alloys used in aircraft applications.

Due to excellent corrosion resistance to sea water, titanium is used to make propellershafts and rigging and in the heat exchanger of desalination plants; in heater-chillersfor salt water aquariums, fishing line and leader, and diver knives as well. Titanium isused to manufacture the housings and other components of ocean-deployed surveillance andmonitoring devices for scientific and military use.

Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels,valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosionresistance. Specific alloys are used in downhole and nickel hydrometallurgyapplications due to their high strength (titanium Beta C) or corrosion resistance orcombination of both. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipmentexposed to corrosive media such as chlorine (in the bleachery). Other applicationsinclude: ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering targets.

Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile ormotorcycle racing, where weight reduction is critical while maintaining high strength andrigidity. The metal is generally too expensive to make it marketable to the generalconsumer market, other than high end products. Late model Corvettes have beenavailable with titanium exhausts, and racing bikes are frequently outfitted with titaniummufflers. Other automotive uses include piston rods and hardware (bolts, nuts,etc.).

Titanium is used in many sporting goods; tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stickshafts; cricket, hockey and football helmet grills, bicycle frames and components. Titanium alloys are also used in optical glass frames. This results in a ratherexpensive, but highly durable and long lasting frame which is light in weight and causesno skin allergies. Many backpackers use titanium equipment, including cookware,eating utensils, lanterns and tent stakes. Though slightly more expensive thantraditional steel or aluminum alternatives, these titanium products can be significantlylighter without compromising strength.

Titanium has occasionally been used in architectural applications: the 120-foot (40 m)memorial to Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in space, in Moscow, is made of titaniumfor the metal's attractive color and association with rocketry. The GuggenheimMuseum Bilbao and the Cerrito Millennium Library were the first buildings in Europe andNorth America, respectively, to be sheathed in titanium panels. Other constructionuses of titanium sheathing include the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado.

Because it is biocompatible (non-toxic and is not rejected by the body), titanium isused in a gamut of medical applications including surgical implements and implants, suchas hip balls and sockets (joint replacement) that can stay in place for up to 20 years. Titanium has the inherent property to osseointegrate, enabling use in dentalimplants that can remain in place for over 30 years. This property is also usefulfor orthopedic implant applications.

Since titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with titanium implants can be safelyexamined with magnetic resonance imaging (convenient for long-term implants). Preparingtitanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature plasmaarc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized. Titanium is also used for the surgical instruments used in image-guided surgery, aswell as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other product where high strength and low weightare important.

Its inertness and ability to be attractively colored makes it a popular metal for usein body piercing. Titanium may be anodized to produce various colors. A numberof artists work with titanium to produce artworks such as sculptures, decorative objectsand furniture.

The +4 oxidation state dominates in titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3oxidation state are also common. Because of this high oxidation state, many titaniumcompounds have a high degree of covalent bonding.

Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism from the titanium dioxide impuritiespresent in them. Titanates are compounds made with titanium dioxide. Bariumtitanate has piezoelectric properties, thus making it possible to use it as a transducerin the interconversion of sound and electricity. Esters of titanium are formed bythe reaction of alcohols and titanium tetrachloride and are used to waterproof fabrics.

Titanium nitride (TiN) is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill bits. It also finds use as a gold-colored decorative finish, and as a barrier metal insemicondictor fabrication.

Titanium tetrachloride (titanium (IV) chloride, TiCl₄, sometimes called'Tickle') is a colorless liquid which is used as an intermediate in themanufacture of titanium dioxide for paint. It is widely used in organic chemistry asa lewis acid, for example in the Mukaiyana aldol condensation. Titanium also forms alower chloride, titanium (III) chloride (TiCl₃), which is used as a reducingagent.

Titanocene dichloride is an important catalyst for carbon-carbon bond formation. Titanium isopropoxide is used for Sharpless epoxidation. Other compounds include;titanium bromide (used in metallurgy, superalloys, and high-temperature electrical wiringand coatings) and titanium carbide (found in high-temperature cutting tools and coatings).

Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes; ⁴⁶Ti,⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Tibeing the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Seventeen radioisotopes havebeen characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a half-life of 63years, ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, ⁵¹Ti with a half-lifeof 5.76 minutes, and ⁵²Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of theremaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 33 seconds and themajority of these have half-lifes that are less than half a second.

The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 amu (⁴⁰Ti) to57.966 amu (⁵⁸Ti). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stableisotope, ⁴⁸Ti, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before ⁴⁸Ti are element 21 (scandium)isotopes and the primary products after are element 23 (vanadium) isotopes.

There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element; ⁴⁶Tithrough ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant. (73.8%). Titanium's properties are chemically and physically similar to zirconium.

Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside thehuman body. An estimated 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each daybut most passes through without being absorbed. It does, however, have a tendency tobio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica. An unknown mechanism in plants mayuse titanium to stimulate the production of carbohydrates and encourage growth. Thismay explain why most plants contain about 1 part per million (ppm) of titanium, foodplants have about 2 ppm and horsetalil and nettle contain up to 80 ppm.

As a powder or in the form of metal shavings, titanium metal poses a significant firehazard and, when heated in air, an explosion hazard. Water and carbon dioxide-basedmethods to extinguish fires are ineffective on burning titanium; Class D dry powder firefighting agents must be used instead.

Salts of titanium are often considered to be relatively harmless but its chlorinecompounds, such as TiCl₂, TiCl₃ and TiCl₄, have unusualhazards. The dichloride takes the form of pyrophoric black crystals, and thetetrachloride is a volatile fuming liquid. All of titanium's chlorides are corrosive.

Titanium Atomic Number 22 Is Found In Group

A final bit of titanium trivia -- titanium is the only element that will burn in anatmosphere of pure nitrogen.

Titanium Atomic Number 22 Lyrics

Titanium Number Of Protons